ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCES

	SERUM CONCETRATION
ELECTROLYTE	LOW	HIGH
Na⁺	Disorientation, stupor, coma	Neurologic irritability, delirium, coma
Cl⁻	2ᵈᵃ to metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, hypovolemia, ↑aldosterone	2ᵈᵃ to non gap anion acidosis
K⁺	U waves on ECG, flattened T waves, arrhythmias, paralysis.	Peaked T waves, wide QRS, arrhythmias
Ca²⁺	Tetany, neuromuscular irritability	Delirium, renal stones, abdominal pain, not necessarily calciuria
Mg²⁺	Neuromuscular irritability, arrhythmias	Delirium, ↓DTRs, cardiopulmonary arrest
PO₄ᶟ⁻	Bones loss, Osteomalacia	Renal stones, metastatic calcifications

References:

Le, T., Bhushan, V., & Grimm, L. (2011). First AID for the USMLE STEP 1. USA: McGraw-Hill.